زبان فنی معماری
زبان فنی معماری
[FONT="]Islamic architecture in Iran[/FONT][FONT="][/FONT]
[FONT="]INTRODUCTION[/FONT]
[FONT="]The evolution of Islamic architecture in Iran is sometimes regarded as a slow development culminating in a magnificent explosion of color which began in the fourteenth century and continued for the next five hundred years. certainly in many ways the period prior to the fourteenth century can be regarded as a moving prelude, but one in which a considerable number of superb monuments were achieved. These buildings then provided the repertoire of basic forms for the whole of the eastern Islamic world. by the fourteenth century however ,this long rich prelude was over and the Iranian craftsmen emerged masters of form and also of the techniques which enabled them to cover the surfaces of these forms with the richest possible decoration.[/FONT][FONT="][/FONT] [FONT="]The apprenticeship had been strenuous, and had called into play a variety of techniques and styles which drew on the Old Iranian traditions of craftsmanship and married them with the fertile skills and imagination of central Asia. This marriage produced a series of basic forms on which the Iranian craftsman could exercise his remarkable skill in surface decoration, his natural milieu. Throughout Iranian history the craftsmen had always been concerned with mastery over surface, and had produced magnificent monuments which functioned perfectly but whose decoration was more important than the actual form beneath .During the eleventh and twelfth centuries while the country was under the domination of the central Asian Turks these roles were reversed and form became the major preoccupation. With this stimulus the Iranian craftsmen created the basic forms required of them and then naturally subsumed them into their own repertoire, so that with the emergence of the first major native Persian dynasty for centuries, the muzaffarids, the way was prepared for a new school of architecture[/FONT][FONT="][/FONT] [FONT="]As we have said elsewhere the concept old Iran used in the title of this work needs to be defined because the modern boundaries are historically misleading.[/FONT][FONT="][/FONT] [FONT="]Present-day Iran lies at the heart of a greater Iranian world which formerly included Transoxiana (the area north of the river Oxus) and the whole of the old eastern provinces of Khurasan and Sistan, much of which now lie within the soviet union and Afghanistan. During the timurid period both capitals of the empire, heart and Samarqand, were situated outside the present boundaries of Iran and accordingly fall outside the scope of this volume. But their influence was of the greatest importance and will be referred to as part of the cross- fertilisation which continually occurred. this restriction to the modern boundaries has, however, been maintained in this volume to provide fixed margins within which the developments canbe analysed. Similarly an historical framework has been maintained which, although arbitrary does provide useful signposts. Architectural development is rarely linked directly with the tidy divisions of dynastic history, and in this case both are somewhat complex, so that to avoid too much confusion, implified historical approach has been adopted.[/FONT][FONT="][/FONT] [FONT="]The Muzaffarids 1314-1393[/FONT][FONT="][/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT] [FONT="] [/FONT]
[FONT="]مقدمه[/FONT][FONT="] [/FONT][FONT="][/FONT]
[FONT="]به تكامل تدريجي معماري اسلامي در ايران بعضي اوقات به عنوان يك توسعه كندي كه منجر به ظهور ناگهاني بناهاي با شكوه مي شود توجه مي شو دكه در قرن چهاردهم شروع و تا 500 سال بعد ادامه يافت .مسلما به بسياري از روشهاي دوره پيشين در قرن چهاردهم مي توانيم يه عنوان يك پيش در آمد يا مقدمه در حال جريان بنگريم كه داراي تعداد قابل ملا حظه اي بنا هاي يادگاري با شكوه مي با شد . كه اين بنا ها بعدا به صورت نمايشنا مه هايي از اشكال اصلي براي جهان اسلام شرق محسوب شدند . به هر حال در قرن چهار دهم اين مقدمه پايان پذيرفت و پيشه وران ايراني به عنوان ماهران ظاهر پديدار شدند و همچنين به كار بردن تكنيك هايي كه قادر ساخت آنها را كه سطوح اين ظواهر يا اشكال راب ا شكوه ترين آذين هاي ممكنه بپوشانند و همواره نو آوري هاي توسط تكنيك هاي گوناگون و سبك هاي گوناگون بوجود آمده اندك ه به سنت هاي كهن ايران نزديك بودند واين نو آوري ها را رابا مهارتهاي فراوان و تصور آسياي مر كزي مرتبط ساختند . اين ارتباط بوجود آورد دسته هايي از اشكال اساسي را به طور ي كه پيشه ور ايراني مي توانست مهارتهاي قابل ملاحظه و بر جسته اي را در آذين سطح بكار گيرد .د رتمام طول تاريخ ايران ، پيشه وران به تبحر يا مهارت روي تمام سطح علاقه داشتند و بوجود آورند بنا هاي يا دگاري مهم و بر جسته اي را به طور كامل با آذين و تزئين نقش بسته بودند و خيلي با شكوه تر از فرم يا شكل واقعي بنظر مي رسيدند .در طول قرن يازدهم و دوازدهم سراسر كشورتحت تسلط تر كهاي آسياي مر كزي بودند كه نقش هاي اين كشور دگر گون شد و تبديل به تصرف كلي شد .با [/FONT][FONT="][/FONT] [FONT="]وجود اين محرك يا فشار پيشه وران ايراني اشكال اساسي مقرر شده اي را به وجود آورده اند و طبعتا بعد آن اشكال را در نما يشنامه ها قرار دادند . با وجود اين با ظهور اولين سلسله ايراني براي قرن ها مظفر الديه ها بودند كه مدرسه تازه تاسيس را توسط معماري زمان خود بوجود آوردند . همانطوري كه قبلا گفته شد در جاي ديگر مفهوم ايران به عنوان نيازهاي كاري مشخص و معين شده به كار برده شده است براي اينكه قلمرو هاي مدرن از تاريخي گمراه كننده هستند . در حال حاظر ايران در قلب جهان قرار گرفته است كه قبلا شامل نواحي شمال ود خانه آمودريا بود و البته ايالات كهن خراسان و سيستان بطوري كه حالا در اتحاد شوروي و افغانستان قرار گرفته است .در طول دوره تيموري ها ،هر دو پايتخت امپراتوري ،هرات و سمر قند قرار داشت .همان طور كه تاريخ هم نشان مي دهد در اين دوره ها طرح هاي معماري بسيار زيادي ارائه شده است و ارتباط با تاريخ- فرمانروايان حكومتها دارد.[/FONT][FONT="][/FONT]
[FONT="]مطفرالدين 1314.1393[/FONT][FONT="][/FONT]
[h=1][FONT="]منبع :انترنت[/FONT][/h] [h=1][FONT="]مولف:.....[/FONT][/h]